Future of Pakistan Essay Sample free essay sample

In the Punjab Census Report ( 1911 ) . Pandit Harikishan Kaul points out that members of the Arain folk are â€Å"mostly Muhammadans. † ( in theGlossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Denzil Ibbetson besides refers to the Arains as. â€Å"Almost to a adult male Muhammadans† ) . and as a corollary. mention is besides made to Hindu and Sikh subdivisions of the folk which make up 3 % of Arains. with 97 % Sunni Muslims. [ 6 ] Kaul besides states that the term ‘Arain’ is. â€Å"derived likely from Rain or Rahin. equivalent to Rahak ( tiller of dirt ) . † This is consistent with the Arains traditionally being chiefly associated with market-gardening. The nose count studies of 1883 and 1892 record their Hindu beginnings and affinity with the Kamboh and Saini caste groups. â€Å" Almost to a adult male Muhammadans and strongly inclined to orthodoxy the Arains came to be immigrants from Uch and have † some affinities with the Kambohs. On the other manus some of the Arain and Hindu Saini kin names are indistinguishable. We will write a custom essay sample on Future of Pakistan Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and those non ever simply names of other and dominant folks. From Uch they migrated to Sirsa and thence into the Punjab. [ 7 ] â€Å" In Sirsa the Sutlej Arains meet those of the Ghaggar. The two do non intermarry. but the Arains of the Ghaggar † vales say they were Rajputs populating on the Panjnad near Multan who were ejected some four centuries ago by Sayad Jalal-ul-din of Uch. They claim some kind of connexion with Jaisalmer. [ 7 ] â€Å" The Sutlej Arains in Sirsa say they are. like the Arains of Lahore and Montgomery. connected by orign with † the HinduKambohs. Mr Wilson thinks it likely that both categories are truly Kambohs who have become Musalmans. [ 7 ] However. other British authors discounted this point of view since many Kambohs are besides Muslims. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Lt. Col. J. M. Wikeley. in 1915. wrote a enchiridion for the Indian Army. Punjabi Musalmans. which described the history of the people of Punjab and in which he rejected â€Å"any supposed relationship between the Kambohs and the Arains† . [ 10 ] â€Å" The karyon of this caste was likely a organic structure of Hindu Saini or Kamboh agriculturists who were converted to Islam at † an early period. Therefore in Jullundur the Arains say they came from Sirsa. Rania. and Delhi and claim descent from Rai Jaj ( grandson of Lau. laminitis of Lahore ) . who ruled Sirsa: that they were converted in the twelfth century and migrated to the Jullundar Doab about 300 old ages ago. But the Bhuttas claim descent from Raja Bhutta. fifth in descent from Raja Karn and say they were forcibly converted even earlier – by Mahmud of Ghazni – and driven from Uch. [ 11 ] Most Arain nevertheless propose descent from Arabs belonging to Muhammad bin Qasim’s expeditionary force to India. Such claims are given credance by how about all Arain are. and have been. Sunni Muslim. much like the early Arabs attach toing Muhammad bin Qasim. This averment is supported by legion mentions made in several Urdu linguistic communication texts ; Tareekh-e-Arain. Sham Ta Multan. Tareekh Frishta. Tohfa Tul Ikram and Aina-e-Haqeekat Numa. that faithfully follow the line of descent of many noteworthy Arain including Zia Ul-Haq and the celebrated Mian Family of Bhaghbanpura. Harmonizing to these beginnings. the word Arain is derived from Areeha which is the Arabic name for the metropolis of Jerichoin the West Bank. Palestinian Territory. the topographic point from where they allegedly came. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Geneticss Familial datasets taken from 25 Pakistani Punjabi Arain by Xing et al’s Human genome fluctuation survey pigments an challenging image. Preliminary surveies by the Harappa Ancestry Project of the information of the Arain group show an about indistinguishable profile to Sindhi’s ( without African alloy ) . nevertheless at that place appears to be small West Asiatic part. bespeaking any recent descent from an Arab population is improbable. [ 14 ] Interestingly this does endorse up the thought that Arain and Sindhi groups are related. so narratives of Arain migration from Sindh to Punjab may keep some truth. every bit good as the thought that Arain converted to Islam under the regulation of Muhammad bin Qasim. There are some defects in this information. it is most likely that Arain familial profiles vary harmonizing to the part and economic category of the Arains involved. This is backed up by the observation that Western Punjab Arain frequently have coloured eyes and fairer tegument than their Eastern Punjab opposite numbers. However since the creative activity of Pakistan there has been increased exogamy between the two groups making a more complex familial image. The hereditary background of the topics is non stated beyond sorting the probands as Arain. The Arain during the British Raj The British considered the Arain as a landholding ‘agricultural’ caste. When the British wanted land developed in the Punjab after its appropriation. Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around the metropoliss. and alongside the Jats were preferred to help with the opening up of the new agricultural frontier in canal settlements of the Punjab between 1906 – 1940. The Arain. all of whom were Muslims. received 86 % of the land that was allotted to Muslim agricultural castes. and were therefore the largest Moslem land holders in Punjab during British regulation. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The Arain land holders should non be confused with the more gentrified zamindars such as the feudal Rajput landlords of huge retentions. Polo. partridge shoots and tea parties were hence non associated properties. Neither were the more negative and extravagant practises such as â€Å"†¦dancing misss. bibulous eventides listening to poetry. or legion matrimonies. . † . [ 17 ] The British considered the Arain the best agriculturists amongst all the castes. and were favoured for their â€Å"hard work. frugalness and sense of discipline† . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Subsequent development of towns and metropoliss and increasing urbanization resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to lift significantly. and Arain households therefore flourished. [ 17 ] Education was prioritised with the new found wealth [ 19 ] and the Arain came to rule the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used jurisprudence to come in political relations. [ 20 ] The Arain were classified as a â€Å"non-martial race† by the British. [ 21 ] a categorization deemed arbitrary and based on biass prevalent at the clip ( see Martial Race ) . It is of import to observe nevertheless Arain parts to military service preceding and during British regulation in India. Lt. Col. J. M. Wikely acknowledged Arain presence in the armed forces ; â€Å"They ( Arains ) may be designated as a combat race which has produced many Civil and Military officers who have rendered good services to the state. † [ 22 ] Their deficiency of categorization as a soldierly race was most likely a effect of rebellions against British regulation. One noteworthy rebellion occurred in the Revolt of 1857. when the Arain Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi led an inter-communal rebellion in Ludhiana against the British East India Company. [ 23 ] Related communities in North India There are a figure of communities in North India. that claim affinity with the Arain of Punjab. The Arain of Delhi claim to be descended from Arains. who settled in Delhi during the regulation of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. [ 24 ] Another community that claims a connexion with the Arain are the Rayeen are Muslim folk found in Bareilly. Pilibhit. Udham Singh Nagar. Nainital. Rampur. Bijnor and Saharanpur territories of Uttar Pradesh. India. [ 25 ] Arain Migration Like many other Punjabis. a important figure of Arain migrated after the India/Pakistan divider. With incomes chiefly based on zamindari many Arain Punjabis from the Indian Punjab struggled financially on substandard land in Pakistan taking alternatively to migrate. Arain migrated more freely than other Punjabis chiefly due to better instruction and communities can be found in many countries of Europe. Africa and North America. States with good known important Arain populations include: ? USA – with a important Numberss in Chicago and New York? Canada? UK – there is a little but active Arain community. chiefly settled in the South of England and Scotland? Norway? South Africa? Kenya Arain are known for their difficult work and dedication and it is claimed that they were swayers of Arab descent [ 10 ] . doubtless based upon the demographic that about all Arain are. and have been. Sunni Muslim. as were the early Arabs of Muhammad bin Qasim’s expedition [ 11 ] . Arain came from Areeha ( Jericho. Syria ) with Muhammad Bin Qasim in 92 Hijri ( 711 AD ) . [ 12 ] Muhammad Hayaat Madni was a Commander in Muhammad Bin Qasim’s Army – 711 AD as held in the household tree of celebrated Arain Mian Family Baghbanpura. Mention to their line of descent is made by the celebrated Indian Historian of Islam. Akbar Shah Khan Najeebabadi. who declared that they entered India thru Debal. Sindh with Muhammad Bin Qasim. He declared them Areehai from Arreha ( Jericho ) which was Punjabized with a rhinal sound to Arain. [ 13 ] Another cogent evidence of the Arain lineage being from Muhammad Bin Qassim is the word Ar-Rai significance shepherd in Arabic and that the Arain were originally shepherds in Syria who joined the Army of Muhammad Bin Qassim to suppress India. Zulfiqar Bhutto was an Arain and that was one of the grounds he made Zia-ul-Haq the general because Zia was besides an Arain. What is ‘Arain’ . is it a caste. tribe? If Zulfiqar was an Arain so how come he was besides a Bhutto. And besides what does the term ‘Jat’ mean? Please assist me to understand the differences. Thank you. The Arain ( Urdu: ) are posterities of Arab encroachers to the Indian subcontinent. Akbar Shah Khan Najeebabadi. an Indian historiographer of Islam. wrote that they entered India thru Debal. Sindh with Muhammad Bin Qasim in 92 Hijri ( 711CE ) . He refered to them as Areehai from Arreha ( Jericho ) which was Punjabized with a rhinal sound to Arain. It is believed the word Arain is derived from the Arabic name Ar-Ra’i. â€Å"The shepherd† . a rubric autochthonal to Arabia. Most Arains are really just. and many have coloured eyes. which means that they could non be of Indian ancestary. This is more true because of the fact that even today Arains don’t like to get married outside their kin. Even extremely urbanized Arains do non like to get married â€Å"outsiders† . ensuing in Arains being the purest race in the subcontinent. Arains claim Arab descent. based upon the fact that about all Arains are Sunni Muslims as was Muhammad Bin Qasim. Under the British Raj after the two Anglo-Sikh wars the Arains who were classified by the British as a non-martial race ( at that clip they were an about sole agricultural caste of Muslim husbandmans and little land holders. ) were brought into the Punjab to replace the Sikhs. who classified as a soldierly race were sought by the British as new recruits. Unlike many of the Muslims from Afganistan. who were slow to accept the alteration to the British educational system and the alteration from Persian to En glish. the Arains stressed the importance of instruction for their kids. and with the wealth gained from their difficult work they were shortly ruling the legal profession in Punjab and as attorneies have found around the universe. their move into political relation was an easy one. Arain is the Largest and most populated folk in Pakistan. ? Arains largely use the household names ( some former rubrics ) of: Chaudhry. Mian. Mehar. Malik. Ramay. Bhutta. Ghurki. Ramday. Bhutto. Sardar. Kardar. Saleemi. Hijazi. Sheikh. Shah. Shami and Alrai. Some prominant Arains ? Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Mehar of Ali Baig ( Retired ) Superintendent of Azad Kashmir Courts. ? Shah Inayat Qadri – A celebrated Sufi of the Qadiri order. who was the religious leader of Punjabi poets and saints Baba Bulleh Shah and Waris Shah. ? Nawab Mian Muhammad Fazil – Received the royal rubric of Nawab from Emperor Aurangzeb. ? Mian Qadir Buksh Nadir – Artillery Commander. writer of. â€Å"Muftah-ul-Qila† ( Iranian text book on scientific discipline of gunnery in eighteenth century ) . ? Mian Sahib of Nankana Sahib – Great Sufi and Spiritual Healer Having Followings Around the World. ? Mian Iftikharuddin – Congress Party member and ulterior member of the Muslim League under Mohammed Ali Jinnah. landlord and laminitis of the Imroze and Pakistan Times Newspapers. ? Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto – A Big Landlord and Prominent Politicion of Sindh. He was the Chaiman of All India Arain Convention in 1905. ? Mian Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz â₠¬â€œ An influential politician of the Punjab in the 1920s. ? Zulfikar Ali Bhutto – Fourth President of Pakistan ( 1971 to 1973 ) and 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan ( 1973 to 1977 ) . ? General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq – The 6th President of Pakistan ( Chief of Staff Pakistan Army ) ? Benazir Bhutto – First Female Prime Minister of a Muslim Country. Two clip Prime Minister of Pakistan ( 1988-1990 ) and ( 1993-1996 ) . ? Sardar Mumtaz Ali Bhutto – 8th Governor and Chief Minister of Sindh. ? Sardar Ameer Buksh Bhutto – Vice President of Sindh National Front and besides ex-Member of Sindh Assembly. ? Justice Mian Shah Din Humayon ( 1868-1918 ) – First Muslim Judge in British India. ? Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi ( 1869-1932 ) – Member of Viceroy’s Executive Council. ? Justice Sir Mian Abdur Rasheed – First Chief Justice of Pakistan ( 1947 ) . ? Jam Raeena. Banu Sama ( from Banu Aamir subdivision of Al-i-Adnan ) Ruler of Sindh and male parent of the raeen folk in India. ? General Adina Beg Zafa r Jang Bahadar. General and Ruler of Doaba and Punjab. ? Chaudhry Muhammad Ali – Fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan. ? Mian Sher Muhammad Sharaqpuri. Great Sufi and religious leader of Indo-Pak ? Air Marshal Zafar Ahmed Chaudhry – First Chief of Pakistan Air Force. ? Lt General Faiz Ali Chishti – General of Pakistan Army. ? Wasim Akram – Ex Captain of Pakistan Cricket Team. ? Justice Mian Saqib Nisar – Supreme Court of Pakistan.? Maher Muhkum Din – Governor of Lahore During Sikh Raj.? Mohammad Hanif Ramay – Former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab Pakistan. ? Imran Nazir – A Pakistani Cricket Player.? Mian Muhammad Azhar – Former Governor of Punjab Pakistan. ? Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi – A Freedom Fighter in 1857. His Army drove the British out of Ludhiana and Panipat. but he was defeated and killed in Delhi. ? Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday. Judge of Supreme Court of Pakistan. ? Abdul Razzaq – A Famouse Pakistani Cricketer. ? Mian Anwarul Haq Ramay – Ex Member of Parliament from Sahiwal. ? Shehbaz Ahmad. Ex Captain of Pakistan Hockey Team.? Abdul Hafeez Kardar – First Captain of Pakistan Cricket Team. Former Minister of Punjab and Pakistan’s Ambassador to Switzerland. ? Chaudhry Muhammad Farooq – Former Attorney General of Pakistan. ? Sardar Asif Ahmad Ali – Former Foreign Minister of Pakistan. His male parent Sardar Ahmad Ali and Uncle Sardar Muhammad Hussain were besides Members of Parliment from Qasur Punjab. ? Mohammad Sarwar – First Muslim Member of British Parliament. ? Sarfraz Nawaz Malik – Former Fast Bowler and Member of Punjab Assembly. ? Tahir Zaman. Ex Captain of Pakistan Hockey Team. ? Admiral Muhammad Afzal Tahir – Pakistan’s Chief of Naval Staff. ? Mian Zahid Sarfraz – Former Interior Minister of Pakistan. ? Sultan Rahi. Famouse Punjabi Film Star.? Anwar Ali – Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. ? Farooq Yousuf Ghurki. Provincial Minister for Information and Technology of Punjab. ? Neelam Jabbar Chaudhary – Provincial Minister for Papulation Welfare Punjab. ? Mian Raza Rabbani – Former Leader of the House in Senate and Minister of Law and Justice. ? Tariq Choudhry – Ex Senater of Pakistan. ? Chaudhry Nazir Ahmed Kohastani – ( EX MNA ) . His Son Chaudhry Asim Nazir was besides MNA and Chaudhry Zahid Nazir was Dstrict Nazim of Faisalabad. ? Vice Admiral Ahmed Tasnim – The lone Navy officer of Pakistan have been Awarded Sitara-e-Jurat Twice. ? Nasim Hijazi – Famouse Urdu Writer of Islamic History Novels. ? Habeeb – Film Star. ? Muhammad Iqbal Ghurki – Former Transport Minister of Punjab. ? Lt Gen Naseer Akhtar – Ex-Corps Commander of Pakistan.? Qudrat Ullah Shahab – Former Pakistani Ambassador to the Netherlands and His Father was the Governoer of Gilgit during Dogra Rule. ? Naseem Viky. Famouse Stage Actor.? Chaudhary Abdul Ghaphoor – Ex Federal Minister and MNA from Bahawalnagher. ? Choudhary Nazir Ahmad Arain. Ex Minister of Punjab and MPA from Vihari. ? Tariq Aziz. Film and Tv Star and Ex Member of National Assembly. ? Admiral Haji Muhammad Saddiq Chaudhry. The First Pakistani Navy Commander In Chief. ? Aziz Ahmad – Former Foreign Minister of Pakistan. ? Lt Gen Ghulam Mustafa – Ex-Corps Commander and Incharge Strategic Command of Pakistan. ? Mian Amer Mehmood. Mayor of Lahore Pakistan.? Saleem Elahi – A Pakistani Test Cricketer.? Samina Khalid Ghurki – Federal Minister of Social Welfare and Particular Education. Her Husband Khalid Javed Ghurki was besides Member of Parliament and Nazim of Wahga. ? Jahangir Badar – Senator. Ex Federal Minister and Secretary General of PPP. ? Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Bhutta – Member of National Assambly from Lahore. ? Mian Shamim Haider. Former Federal Minister of Sports and Railway. ? Pervez Malik – Member of National Assembly from Lahore. ? Mian Muhammad Zaman – Former Federal Minister and Chairman Federal Land Commission. ? Lt Gen Mian Muhammad Afzaal. Chief of General Staff ( 1989-1991 ) . ? Shafiq Arain – Former Minister and Member of Parliament in Uganda and UN Ambassador for East Africa. ? Mian Attaullah – Famous Politician Spiritual Leader and Ex Federal Minister. ? Chaudhry Assad-ur-Rehman. Former Federal Minister and Member of Parliament Three Times from Toba Tek Singh. ? Malik Mohammad Qayyum – Former Attorney General of Pakistan. ? Mian Umar Hayat. Mian Muhammad Usman. Mian Abdul Waheed. Mian Aziz u Rehman Chan. Mian Muneer. Mian Margoob Ahmad. Mian Muhammad Aslam are all Arains Members of National Assembly of Pakistan from Lahore. ? Mian zahid Sarfraz. Mian Amjad Hasin. Mian Abdul Manan – Ex Members of Parliament from Faisalabad. ? Yasmin Rehman – Member of Parliament from Lahore. ? M-Hamza – Ex Member of Parliament from Gojra.? Chaudhry Muhammad Ashfaq – Ex MNA and District Nazim of Toba Tek Singh. ? Hon Capt ( SardarBahadur ) Muhammad Ismail ( IOM. OBI ) British India Army. ? Subedar Kifayat Ullah ( IDSM ) British India Army. ? Chaudhry Badar ud Din ( PPM ) Retd DIG Police / Ex Director FIA. ? Vice Admiral Farooq Rashid – Chief of Staff Pakistan Navy ( 2004-05 ) Rector Bahria University ( 2006-09 ) . ? SHAHID HAFEEZ KARDAR. Governor of State Bank of Pakistan. ? KHALID ANWAR. Ex Federal Minister of jurisprudence and Justice of Pakistan. Chiefly settled in Pakistan and in many metropoliss of India. Punjab. Delhi. Haryana they have like many Hindus. Sikhs and Muslims of the two states spread around the universe as any hunt of the cyberspace will demo.

teen parents essays

teen parents essays 4/11/03 English 11 Teen Parents Teenage Parents I have long believed that the development of a child does not begin the day he is born - or at age three - but much earlier, during the formative years of his parents. Edward Zigler, Ph.D.,Sterling Professor of Psychology, Yale University Director, Bush Center in Child Development and Social Policy In the world every 3.5 seconds a baby is born. What many people don't know is that 2/5 of babies are bore by teenagers. The numbers are rising to. In this report I will talk about the many areas of teenage parenting. The programs, tips, facts, and other things. The ways to take care of Newborns How they may look. The first time you see your newborn, he or she may be covered in a soapy white liquid called vernix leaving the skin looking scaly. The skin may be loose and wrinkled, and your baby's skin color may be pale, even blue-gray, changing to a healthy pink after that important first cry. Your baby may be bald, or a have a full head of hair. There may be a fine light hair covering a large part of his body. Your baby may have pink patches called stork bites on the forehead or neck, and the eyes could be puffy and swollen. Breast feeding is an important part of taking care of your infant. Although it is not mandatory, it is highly recommended. Try not to take your baby outside for at least the first 3 weeks. The baby is very vulnerable to outside germs and he could even die. When holding the baby, support its head and neck. Also try to lay the baby on its back instead of its stomach. Lastly always listen to your doctor on nutrition needs; not to your friends all the time. The ways to take care of your child. ...

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Finance - Essay Example This report analyses the behaviour of the stock in the past five years, links it to the financial performance of the company and predicts the future trend that may emerge. This report also analyses the value of the TESCO share as an instrument for investment in absolute terms. Different tools are available for making financial analysis of stocks and range from the very simple and elegant to the very complex and difficult to understand ones. Here we use some of the most recognised analysis methods such as Earnings per Share (EPS); Price to Earnings Ratio (PE); Cash Flow Discounting; Market Value; and Book Value. The financial performance of the company is better understood through the calculation of some important ratios that assist us in further detailed appraisal. (These ratios are calculated from the summary financial performance sheets placed at Enclosures 1 and 2.) This ratio helps us understand the relative importance of long-term debt in the capital structure and can therefore provide useful additional information for assessing the acceptability of the overall leverage position of the business. The long-term leverage of the company is good and shows a positive and reducing trend over the period considered. Indicating that the long term debt is coming down and this will impact future interest burden as well as allow the company to raise further funds in the debt market, should they be required. c. Interest cover = operating profit / interest charges This shows the number of times available profit covers interest charges and measures the extent to which operating profit can fall without being insufficient to cover the interest charges and thereby create a pre-tax loss. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007-08 Operating Profit 1361 1600 1943 2235 2653 1289 Interest Expenses 227 258 235 241 216 20 Interest Cover (Times) 6.00 6.20 8.27 9.27 12.28 N.R.2 The effect of the lowering debt resulting in lowering of the interest burden is clearly evident in these numbers. The company appears to have no problem in servicing its debt, the numbers compare very favourably with the industry average of 3.29. 1.2 Operating performance: The ratios that are relevant are: a. Return on Capital Employed (also known as the primary ratio) = Operating Profit / Capital Employed

Moodle as a communication tool in CULC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moodle as a communication tool in CULC - Essay Example Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment or simply Moodle is an Open Source platform for e-learning. It is sometimes referred to as course management system or learning management system (LMS) which provides the basis for communication and learning tools which is created for the sole purpose of facilitating e-learning (Moodle, 2006). Given the popularity of Moodle, CULC also implemented the system across its campuses for the ease of students. Although many advantages are there of Moodle, it has been subjected to criticism as a communication tool in CULC. Critical Evaluation Moodle is an open source system which subjects it to many criticisms of being of this system. Open source systems as suggested by Petrus and Sanky (2007) are risky to implement because the modules used for such systems are not proven. It is also argued that open source software is costly to administer as it depends on continuous changing resources and evolving patches and upgrades. Such is the case wit h Moodle. Problems occur with Moodle during too much customization which makes it unable to be integrated with student information and administrations system, used as an administration model to support many departments and campuses at once, sophisticated capabilities for assessing and grading assignments and quizzes, and a complete proper software with navigating and learning materials (Cole and Foster, 2007). Moodle, on the surface, looks like an excellent learning system for CULC. Teachers and students can communicate with each other through this system. In addition, homework, assignments and quizzes can be set and completed online. The implementation of Moodle as a communication tool at CULC remains a critical issue. Any community needs followers without which it would be useless. Likewise, if no students contribute their knowledge to the discussions, the communication module of Moodle is useless. This is exactly the case in CULC. Students are not motivated to use Moodle as a com munication tool because of which forums and discussions are closed for communication by default which is a technological error in Moodle. The feature of ‘quiz module’ is sometimes used to set assignments or homework which is distracting for students. An instructor sometimes sets quizzes, announces deadlines or assignments through this module which is failure of Moodle as a communication tool (Cole and Foster, 2007). Technical issues such as the quiz can be submitted for automatic marking as many times as possible even after the limits imposed by the instructor remains problem for the Moodle operators as it is still to be tested for adequacy (Cole and Foster, 2007). The features of forums and group discussions are not so important features of the Moodle on which much emphasis has been given by the creators of it as instructors already have the email lists for the students which allows them to communicate through the email (Petrus and Sanky, 2007). In addition to this, Pe trus and Sanky (2007) also argue that resources, tutorials and documentation are not stored on the CULC Moodle which would not be so if placed on the campus websites. The major criticism that CULC Moodle has received is the underdeveloped Moodle websites and lack of time for improving the websites to provide the students with a more customized and fully functional website. Furthermore, many students are not fully adept to use the Moodle interface and prefer face-to-face communication as means of learning. Although many instructors are focusing on educating the students on the usage of Moodle, it will still take time for students to become completely adaptive to the e-learning environment (Moodle, 2006; Petrus and Sanky, 2007). So, Moodle although conceptually is a great idea to be used as a communication tool, there is still room for much improvement in terms of interfacial and technical issues as well as the way the students and

Strategic Thinking In Logic Versus Creativity Commerce Essay

Strategic Thinking In Logic Versus Creativity Commerce Essay It is mutually agreed that the converses of intuition and analysis generate tension during the strategic thinking process. Researchers and contributors to strategic management making the case for logic argue that for strategy to be effective, the strategic thinking process must involve extensive formal analyses and objective collection and processing of data both from within and without the corporation (Hill and Jones, 2007; De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Rational reasoning enables managers gain an accurate perspective on the different options available before identifying the strategic option that best serves the organisations cause: achieving its goals and objectives. Logical analysis encompasses assessing internal and external risks, strengths and weaknesses, market need and so on; so that strategy can be thought out to fit each of the above factors. In contrast to logical thinking, creative thinking involves taking a leap of imagination (De Wit and Mayor, 2010, p. 60) without any logically defined reason for taking such a leap. Creative thinking is a divergence from the rules governing rational argumentation towards problem-solving. Strategic thinking from this perspective is therefore not governed by previous arguments or analyses, but is the generation of action plans using intuition (Hill and Jones, 2007). The strategy thinker will use intuitive judgement to derive a vision for the future. Proponents of this approach argue that it is the best way to define problems and generate innovative solutions since rationality has the potential to frustrate the process of generating novel insight, which, they say, should be the objective of strategic thinking (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). See (appendix A) Apple Inc. case study. Strategic Formation: Is strategy deliberate or emergent? From the dichotomy of rational versus creative thinking, the paradox of strategy deliberateness versus emergency arises. The deliberate doctrine opines that strategy creation ought to follow a coherent series of steps, a coordination of efforts, strategic resource allocation and utilisation and a prior, systematic programming of all processes and activities in the organisation (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Strategy is a deliberate, systematic attempt to achieve fit between an organizations internal and external strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities (Sadler and Craig, 2003). The paradox of deliberateness and emergence comes courtesy of the cognitive school of thought. Managers who prefer logic in strategic thinking certainly believe that strategy formation is a deliberate process; whereas those who prefer intuition would go for the opinion that strategy formation is an emergent process. Managers who believe in emergence understand the process of strategy formation as anchored in an organisations capacity and willingness to stay open to new opportunities or trends, maintaining flexibility to changes in the internal and external environment being able to cognitively discern emerging ideas and concepts and the socio-political and cultural factors; and acting in response (Clegg et al., 2005; De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Strategy thus becomes a reactive process. The deliberate school of thought maintains that strategy has to be crafted; that responding to internal and external factors cannot solely be used to provide an organisation with a roadmap for achieving i ts objectives and realising its vision. See (appendix B) United Parcel Services (UPS) case study. Strategy Renewal: Is change Discontinuous or Evolutionary? Organisational change is an integral element of the strategy process. Strategy aims to outline an organisations plan for achieving its objectives. Sometimes, there are abrupt changes in the internal and external environment, shifts in production or project implementation life-cycles or changes in organisation dynamics (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). With such eventualities, the organisation has to renew its strategy. The paradox of revolution (discontinuous change) and evolution (continuous change) is occasioned by the two approaches to strategic renewal. Continuous change advocates for an evolutionary approach in increasing productivity and operational efficiency (Watson, 2000). Continuous change is feasible with emergent strategy formation since change motivators are everyday observed changes or trends in the internal and external environment. On the contrary, discontinuous (revolutionary) change involves performing a radical surgery to an organisations strategy. Unlike evolutionary strategic change, discontinuous change does not involve continual improvement of an organisations corporate strategy: strategic renewal is achieved by making distinct transformations from one strategic approach to another (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Whether strategic renewal is achieved through revolutionary or evolutionary change is dependent on specific factors. In project management for example, revolutionary change is a suitable approach since typically, projects have predefined implementation timelines and budgets (Whittington, 2000). Continuous change becomes appropriate when the organisation undergoing change wants to maintain or improve its operational efficiency and competitive advantage in the long run. However, when organisations continuously evolve their strategies to maintain a competitive advantage, increase productivity and operational efficiency, counter the effects of changes in the external and external environment and meet changing customer or client requirements, revolutionary change is still unavoidable (De Wit and Meyer, 2010). Every once in a while, an organisation has to initiate revolutionary changes, processes and projects that wholly transform their strategic outlook and business processes. See (Append ix C) Ferrari case study. Conclusion From the analysis done in this report, it is evident that strategy dichotomies or the paradoxes arising from strategic thinking, strategy formation and strategy renewal are closely interrelated. They arise due to the diversity in the contexts with which strategy is interpreted and understood. Effective corporate strategising, it appears, must be conducted by applying opposing perspectives alongside each other. For example, some specific case may call for a combination of logical and creative thinking in strategy formation whereas others may call for logic only (Clegg et al., 2005). Effective managers should be able to identify which approach will be most effective for each specific case.

Athenian Artistic Performances Were They a Form of Propaganda Essay

The â€Å"glory that was Greece† reached its height in 5th century BCE in Athens, under the leadership of Pericles. He opened Athenian democracy to the ordinary citizen, was responsible for the construction of magnificent temples and statues on the Acropolis and he, in effect created the Athenian empire. The definition of propaganda is â€Å"the planned use of any form of public or mass-produced communication designed to affect the minds of a given group for a specific purpose, whether military, economic or political† (Linearger, p. 39, 1954). This has connotations of dishonesty and while people assume it is a modern phenomenon, its roots go back much further. The question is however, was propaganda rife in 5th century BCE Athens and if so, was it the driving force whether explicitly or not behind many of the public displays? A funeral oration or epitaphios logos is an official speech delivered at a funeral. The epitaphios is regarded as a virtually unique Athenian concept, although early elements of such speeches exist in the Epic poetry of Homer and in Lyric poetry of Pindar; in addition modern parallels have been drawn between Lincoln’s Gettysburg address and Pericles. When Pericles gave the epitaphios for Athenian soldiers who had been killed in the first year of the Peloponnesian War. He took the opportunity to not only praise the deceased, but Athens itself, in an oration which has been both praised as enshrining the archetypal democratic system and condemned as barefaced propaganda. In Thucydides’ book History of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles’ Funeral Oration is a powerful rhetorical piece. In addition it is important evidence for the study of the Athenian sense of identity and the way they represented themselves and others. It eloquently discusses the ancient democratic model and the picture it portrays serves as a prototype for democratic states today (Abbott, 1970). Thucydides specified a man would be chosen to make an ‘appropriate speech’ i. e. it matched formulaic prescriptions of the epitaphios, which according to Edinger, â€Å"consisted of a number of recognised topics: praise of the dead, praise of the ancestors, praise of the city, consolation of the families of the dead.

History Important Terms Essay

Bacon’s Rebellion-1676 – Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. John Winthrop-He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. He believed in the creation of a City on a Hill and that they would be an example to the world. Separatists- Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed and that it was corrupt so started their own congregations. Roger Williams-Rhode Island. He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. He was an antinomian. He was exiled from Massachusetts because of his beliefs. He believed you couldn’t take land from Native Americans because they could be saved, Anglican Church is too corrupt, separation of church and state and religious toleration, you don’t have to listen to the bible or minister if you are already predetermined. Founder of Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson-She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomians) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. She allied with merchants. Said the bible was wrong. â€Å"Visible saints†- – people who were godly Christians and who went to heaven when they died. Puritans believed that they were the saints of the world. Half-Way Covenant- The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. Dominion of New England- 1686 – The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. An example that Britain was beginning to lose control of New England. Penn’s â€Å"Holy Experiment’- William Penn’s term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all. He was a Quaker. He was most likely gay so he wasn’t accepted by puritans but in Pennsylvania he could be free and safe because they believed that they are the same as everyone else. Nathaniel Bacon- Virginian planter who organized a militia of 500, attacked and killed Indians because some tribes caused planters problems. Then he marched the militia into Jamestown and burned it. House of Burgesses-1619 – The Virginia House of Burgesses formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. Indentured servants- People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Headright- Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists â€Å"middle passage† – passage from the African west coast to the West Indies Enlightenment-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. It is believed that it influenced the American Revolution. Great Awakening- Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies. It believed in individualism and New Birth. Believed to influence American Revolution. George Whitefield- George Whitefield, an Anglican minister, led numerous revivals and preached a theology â€Å"scaled down to the comprehension of twelve-year-olds.† While not denying the doctrine of predestination, he preached a God responsive to good intentions. He believed in the concept of New Birth. Jonathan Edwards- Jonathan Edwards was the most famous native-born revivalist. In 1727 he â€Å"inherited† his grandfather’s pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts, and dramatized hell’s fire and brimstone from the pulpit. Eventually in 1749 his parishioners voted to dismiss him. By the 1750s, the Great Awakening, the first truly national event in American history, had run its course. Although it had caused divisions, it also fostered religious toleration. His most famous work is â€Å"Sinners†. He believed one could become morally perfect. Mercantilism-Navigation Acts- the most important legislature that Britain passed on colonies. Says that all goods shipped on vessels built in UK, Raw material to UK only in UK ships, no manufacturing in colonies, 75% UK crews, all goods to other countries stop in UK for unloading. Congregationalism- Puritan system. Says that church is center of town and the meeting house. Congregation elects minister. Pilgrims – Mayflower Compact- 1620 – The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. It said that all people must adhere to majority rule, allegiance to king and church is the center of their town. Triangle Trade- The backbone of New England’s economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum. Great Migration- Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population. King Philip’s War- 1675 – A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Covenant of Grace- Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God’s covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ. John Smith-Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Virginia Company-Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco. William Berkeley- the royal governor, Sir William Berkeley of Virginia. He was forced by Bacon to legitimize his power in order to take control of Jamestown and fight against Indians. â€Å"seasoning time†- period of time when new colonists became accustomed to the weather and hygiene conditions in the colony Toleration Act of 1649- 1649 – Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony’s large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. Maryland was unique in that it became a refuge for Catholic immigrants, and although Catholics were a minority in Maryland their rights were protected Jacob Leisler- In New York in 1689, Jacob Leisler seized control of the government for two years before being sent to the gallows. But for two decades struggles continued between those who shared Leisler’s dislike of English rule and those who had opposed his takeover. He took control of New York. He was arrested for denying English troops to enter key forts. He arrested many new Yorkers for questioning his authority. John Peter Zenger- Another political problem occurred when Governor William Cosby made a claim for back salary and was opposed by forces led by Lewis Morris. Morrisites established a weekly journal which was eventually closed down and which led to the trial for seditious libel of its editor, John Peter Zenger. Deism- The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. Albany Plan of Union- During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. Gives the arousal of William Pitt. The first time the colonies unite. Great War for Empire- increased tensions between France and Britain. France puts up forts around their land. Britain is defeated in Ohio because they have really bad Generals and Native Americans are allied with France, But Irukoy Indians ally with Britain. It is the cause of the first meeting between all 13 colonies. William Pitt was appointed general and helped defeat the French. Regulator Movement- was the attempt to regulate taxes in North Carolina where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War. Stono Rebellion in NY- the rebellion against slavery in New York. One of the earliest known organized rebellions in the present United States, it was led by native Africans who were Catholic and the rebellion was suppressed. Treaty of Paris (1763)- 1763 the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities and gave England dominance in North America. France is out of New World. North Carolina Regulators- Western frontiersmen who in 1768 rebelled in protest against the high taxes imposed by the Eastern colonial government of North Carolina, and whose organization was crushed by military force by Governor Tryon in 1771. In South Carolina, groups of vigilantes who organized to fight outlaw bands along the Western frontier in 1767-1769, and who disbanded when regular courts were established in those areas. Sugar Act (1764)- The passage of the Sugar Act (1764), which placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines, and other imported products, was denounced by the colonists as taxation without representation. Also in 1764, the government in London restricted the printing, although not the use of, paper money in the colonies. â€Å"Salutary neglect†- colonists resorted to smuggling and bribery to bypass Parliamentary regulations. Mercantilistic laws merely steered American economy toward England, and the colonies enjoyed almost continuous prosperity from 1650 until the Revolution. Proclamation of 1763- Proclamation of 1763. No settlers were to cross the Appalachian divide, only licensed traders could do business in that area, and the purchase of Indian land was outlawed. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain’s new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Tea Act 1773- The final crisis in the ongoing conflict over imperial control surfaced in 1773 when Parliament, in attempting to save the corrupt and inefficient British East India Company from bankruptcy, gave the company a monopoly on colonial tea trade. Although this action reduced the price of tea (middlemen were eliminated), Americans regarded it as a sly attempt to trap them into paying the tea tax. In Boston the situation deteriorated as Samuel Adams and other propagandists inflamed the public to a point that on December 16, 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred. Coercive Acts 1774- All of these names refer to the same acts, passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which included the Boston Port Act, which shut down Boston Harbor; the Massachusetts Government Act, which disbanded the Boston Assembly (but it soon reinstated itself); the Quartering Act, which required the colony to provide provisions for British soldiers; and the Administration of Justice Act, which removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers. Albany Plan-Stamp Act Congress 1765- taxed many kinds of printed matter, including newspapers, legal documents, and licenses. Was direct taxing by eng. An intercolonial Stamp Act Congress passed resolutions of protest, and relations were further strained as colonists burned the stamps, boycotted British goods, and the Sons of Liberty resorted to some violence. Parliament responded by repealing the Stamp Act (1766). Writs of Assistance- Search warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies. Declaratory Act 1766- On the same day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed a Declaratory Act establishing its right to enact any colonial legislation it deemed proper. The Declaratory Act highlighted the degree to which British and Americans had drifted apart on the concepts of representation, constitution, and sovereignty. Townshend Acts 1767- Facing the possibility of a deficit budget, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which placed new taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonists immediately began boycotting British imports and influential Americans began questioning the basis of the British colonial system. The spectrum of debate ranged from the moderate views of John Dickinson to the radical opinions of Samuel Adams. Boston Massacre 1770- On March 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs at Redcoats guarding the Boston Custom House, and panicking soldiers fired their muskets into the crowd, killing five. Although radicals like Samuel Adams played up the incident, cooler heads prevailed and a post-massacre truce settled over British America. Circular Letter- a letter sent by Sam Adams to colonies that says taxing is unconstitutional. Virtual – Actual Representation- Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government. 1st-2nd Continental Congress- The First Continental Congress met to discuss their concerns over Parliament’s dissolutions of the New York (for refusing to pay to quarter troops), Massachusetts (for the Boston Tea Party), and Virginia Assemblies. The First Continental Congress rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, resolved to prepare militias, and created the Continental Association to enforce a new non-importation agreement through Committees of Vigilence. In response, in February, 1775, Parliament declared the colonies to be in rebellion. It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. Sam Adams- A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797. John Dickenson- Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of â€Å"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania† in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Sons of Liberty- A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Unit II Terms Olive Branch Petition- a petition sent by John Dickinson during the Second Continental Congress to George III of Britain to try and reconcile their feuds. It fails to have any effect because by the time the petition arrives in Britain George III knows about Bunker’s Hill and declares Massachusetts in open rebellion so he cuts off all imports to colonies, which will cause major economic problems. Common Sense- a testament written by Tomas Paine to challenge the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. He writes it to try and create a greater awareness that colonist need independence. It is simple and easy to read. Called for colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. Attacked King George III and the monarchy itself. As a result, Continental Congress unleashed privateers against British commerce, open American ports, established state governments. Loyalists- colonists that fight for the British during the Revolution. They included Canadian elites in fear of Americans spreading into their land, some native Americans, and were influenced by the Whigs. They wanted to remain loyal to the British king. Yorktown (1781)- The Battle of Yorktown. It is the decisive battle that ends the Revolutionary War. It forced the British to surrender and negotiate some sort of agreement between America. It leads to the Treaty of Paris 1783 which acknowledged the colonies as independent. Thomas Paine- author of Common Sense. He wanted to create more awareness to colonists about what Britain was doing. He wanted to inspire colonists to do something about their independence. Declaration of Independence- the statement adopted on July 4th that declared that the colonies were no longer part of Britain. Sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority. Franco-American Alliance-Saratoga (1778)- an alliance formed between France and the United States. France agrees to help America militarily and economically to defeat and weaken Britain. Articles of Confederation (1781)- The first form of federal government. It had limited national power. It requires a unanimous vote from all colonies to ratify a law, donations instead of taxes, inadequate central government. Gave states independence and more power over national government (able to form treaties, control foreign policy, coin money). Its successes were the Land ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance 1787. Peace of Paris (1783)- Treaty between America and Britain. It recognizes America’s independence. It required all British troops to be evacuated as long as loyalists were paid; all land east of Mississippi went to America, fishing rights of grand banks. Saratoga-Yorktown- two important and decisive battles for America. They are both victories for America.   Republican Motherhood- Came from US War of Independence. Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republican values. This was one sign that women were becoming more respected as intellectually capable. Shays’ Rebellion 1786- Daniel Shay (Revolutionary War veteran) gathered farmers and marched to courthouse because of trade issues and taxes, preventing state Supreme Court from meeting. State sent troops to fight them and suppressed them. Shay and his rebellion were arrested. Land Ordinance of 1785 -Provided for surveying western territories into 6 square mile townships before sale at auction. Compromise between south’s sale to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies. 1 section for education and schooling. Imposts -Section 8 of the Constitution. Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the US. But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the US. Annapolis Convention 17855 -states met â€Å"to discuss common problems of commerce†. All talk, no action. Decided not to make any changes due to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to â€Å"fix† the Articles of Confederation. 3/5 Compromise-North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation. South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine number in House of Representatives. Eventually Every slave counted as 3/5 of a person. 1808 Compromise- Allowed the slave trade to continue, but placed a date-certain on its survival. Congress eventually passed a law outlawing the slave trade that became effective on January 1, 1808. Virginia Plan- a political plan that wanted 2 houses; upper and lower. A strong central government and representation that is proportional to population.   New Jersey Plan- a political plan that wanted equal representation in every state regardless of population.   Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Establishes government for West. First governed by governor and 3 judges, then territory with legislature, and then state. Determines process of dividing territory and writing territory constitution. Banded by Ohio & Mississippi Rivers and Great Lakes. Same rights as original 13 states. Prohibited slavery. Great Compromise- Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: Lower House- House of Representatives dependent on population (Virginia Plan – favored by larger states) and Upper House- Senate, with equal number of representatives per state (2 per state) (New Jersey Plan – small states). All revenue bills begin in house. Any bill that says it will take money will begin in house of representatives because they are closer to the people. The Federalists Papers 1788- by Madison, Jay and Hamilton. To convince voters in Virginia and New York that constitution was worth a chance. Had little impact but finally New York and Virginia supported it. Checks and balances- Phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of government. By dividing powers between legislature, executive (President), and judiciary, no one branch can be too powerful. Each one can â€Å"check† the other’s actions. Antifederalists -People against federalists in 1787. Disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people’s rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights. Appealed to â€Å"common man† as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy. Gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights. Bill of Rights 1791- By Madison (since he wrote the Constitution too). First 10 amendments of Constitution. Added in 1791. Guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion, etc. written to satisfy the needs of states fearful of losing their rights (anti-federalists. Hamilton’s Economic Plans 1792-94- Funding and Assumption. (Funding- funding the national debt. ‘Spend your way out of debt’ by funding the old debt. Government taxes and uses bonds (citizens lend government money) – people who gave money will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.) (Assumption- the central government takes (assumes) all of the state debts.) Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties. Whiskey Rebellion 1795- 1st major challenge to federal authority. Small rebellion that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. Challenge to the national governments unjust use of an excise tax on whiskey. Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military. Shows that constitution is supreme law and that there are severe limits to what people can do to oppose government.